Eternal Freshness of the Flawless Poem Why Frosts Poetry Remains Vital - Literature Essay Samples

In Robert Frosts poem, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, from his book entitled New Hampshire, the poet descriptively evokes a bucolic New England winter ambience (which Frost knew quite intimately) and utilizes a simple narrative soliloquy centering around a rural traveler, who is Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, a commonly understood and easily identifiable situation. These textual choices are employed for the purpose of subtly and cleverly articulating and arriving upon large-scale existential conclusions regarding the human condition. In this poem, which is described by Elizabeth Sergeant as The most limpid and perfect of [Frosts] lyrics (249), and which was written, as the poet himself explained in one stroke of the pen (249), Frost utilizes language that is concurrently: simple and grandiose, surface-accessible and metaphorically rich, vague and specific, apathetic and emotion-laden, carefully articulated/witty and in laymans vernacular, and to the end, with flawless execution of what he describes as performance and prowess and feats of association. Frosts utilizes language that is highly ambiguous while simultaneously densely complex metaphorically or analogically. Lawrence Thompson describes these lyrical characteristics as New England reticence and fondness for understatement (123), and works to afford certain key words (i.e. promises, miles, and sleep) dualistic and distinct inner planes (123) of interpretation and connotation. Moreover, this structural methodology, while often making it difficult for the reader to assuredly arrive upon the authors original intent, enables each reader to unlock the metaphor, (123) so that they can establish their own personal connection to the text. It is this lyrical mastery that brings readers back to the works of the great poets of previous generations, despite the time differential. These successful lyrics and insights remain fresh upon countless readings, serving as existential master-narratives, and never appear anachronistic with regard to emotional intensity and verbal richness. The first three stanzas of Stopping by Woods alone, lend credence to the poets masterful descriptive lyrical sophistication, and do justice to the poets own famous remark on the subject of poetry, that Like a piece of ice on a hot stove the poem must ride on its own melting. However, the poems fourth stanza most brilliantly personifies Frosts fundamental essence, as the lines: The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. (13-16). masterfully articulate the poets subtle and complex emotional state and careful employment of wit that will forever keep [the poems] freshness as a metal keeps its fragrance, infusing Stopping by Woods with the essential ingredients to allow it to run by [its] own associational melting.Stopping by Woods, a poem written as if addressing an unacknowledged friend, appears to be, on the surface, a simple dramatic soliloquy. The speaker is traveling on horseback through an unidentified rural area on a snowy and dark winter evening and decides to pause to reflect upon his surroundings. In doing so, the speaker becomes enthralled with the lure of the natural world of the the woods [which] are lovely, dark and deep (13), and immediately is overcome with feelings of complacency and satisfaction upon being momentarily withdrawn from civilization. However, the speaker triumphs over this fascination with nature (for better or worse) and wills himself to continue to travel onwards, in spite of his inclination and desire to prolong his stay, as well as his likely physical and psychological fatigue. Frosts speakers situation amidst the snow-filled rural wood, a microcosm of the natural world from the poets New England vantage point, serves as a symbolic representation of a place of tranquil respite and escapism from the fast-paced and complex modern world. Ironically, wh ile the speaker seems to acquire moderate refuge from the daily concerns/responsibilities of the civilized world by Stopping by [the] Woods, his presence alone effectively acts to impose worldly or temporal concerns on the otherwise carefree and unimpeded natural world. This idea is evidenced by the speakers acknowledgement that the woods in which he currently views are someones private property, as he explains Whose woods these are I think I know. / His house is in the village; though; (1-2), and thus, like the speaker, the personified woods become subject to the whims and actions of humans. Structurally, Stopping by Woods comprises of four consistently iambic quatrain length stanzas of nearly identical construction. The rhyme scheme, A-A-B-A, B-B-C-B, C-C-D-C, D-D-D-D, is one in which the first, second, and fourth lines of each of the first three stanzas are end-rhymed, and the third lines final word determines the rhyme scheme for the next stanza. The final stanza follows the established format in that its end-rhymes are based on that of the final word of the previous stanza. However, the third line of the final stanza does not start an end-rhyme anew, but rather concludes the poem with an unimpeded continuation of the fourth stanzas end-rhymes. This somewhat peculiar rhyme scheme, in which the last word of the third line of the first three stanzas predicate[s] the three sounds which are to be repeated in the next stanza, thus interlocking stanza with stanza (Thompson, 84), serves to link the first three stanzas together to form one seamless entity. This pattern, in conjunction with Frosts scarce usage of punctuation in the first three stanzas, serves to drive the tempo of the poem, as well as to blend the stanzas into an interwoven surreal and dream-like fabric of descriptive imagery. The speakers fast-paced and fantastical tone abruptly changes, however, upon arrival at the fourth stanza, into a more deliberate hyperconscious characterization. Th is change is evidenced by the disjuncture resulting from the influx of punctuation in the line The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, by the end-stopping commas at the conclusion of the latter three lines, as well as by the repetition of the entirety of the penultimate line in the final line. Through these subtle syntactical techniques, the speaker symbolically arises to the realities of human existence, and is forced to deliberate the consequences of his decision. While the speaker takes pains with the implications of his choice to reintegrate himself into human society, he assures his audience that he will stay true to his promises. The poems final stanza, as well as the poems tone at large, perhaps alludes to the first stanza of a sonnet by Keats published in 1817, which reads:Keen, fitful gusts are whispring here and thereAmong the bushes half leafless, and dry;The stars look very cold about the sky,And I have many miles of Foot to fare (Sergeant, 251). In both quatrains, the s peakers describe losing their senses of reality amidst their respective nocturnal, bucolic surroundings. It is only after both speakers verbally assert the necessity of ambulating away from the dark woods that they are able to combat the lure of nature and continue on their journeys back to the civilized world. George Nitchie explains that human complications of responsibility and desire become poignant through their contrast with natures impersonal simplicity (22), as natures appeal lies in its serene ambience of carelessness and lack of responsibility. Thus, as the speaker gets caught up in watch[ing the] woods fill up with snow (4), the frozen lake (7), The darkest evening of the year (8), the sweep / Of easy wind and downy flake (12), etc., he seems to forget or at least is sidetracked from the world of social considerations and ethical complexity, the melancholy-engendered world of fallen man (91), as potently, though subtly and implicitly, encapsulated by the feelings provo ked in the poems final quatrain. The woods provide an illusory place of withdrawal from the complexity that has plagued human existence ever since the biblical times of Adam and Eve. They evoke in the speaker a sense of nostalgia for a time when mankind lived in harmony within the natural world, devoid of human concerns (i.e. in the Garden of Eden or even in childhood). The speaker soberly acknowledges his responsibilities to human society as captured by the subtly woeful tone of the line But I have promises to keep, (14) implying that practical considerations force him to practice self-restraint, and act against his inclinations to inhabit the woods. Furthermore, the utilization of a wintry landscape as evidenced by several references to the climate (the frozen lake, downy flake, the darkest evening of the year, etc.) bring to both the speakers as well as the readers attention the fact that absent shelter, the New England winter is not amenable to human habitation. Likewise, should the speaker fall asleep in these severe conditions, he will inevitably be subject to natures wrath, lacking food, shelter/warmth, companionship, etc, and possibly suffering a premature death. These aforementioned considerations, which are implicated by the word promises in the final stanza, result in the speakers arrival at the logical conclusion that he must forge ahead in spite of his strong emotional attachment to his surroundings. This decision, in light of the circumstances, highlights the speakers agency and ability to act against his natural inclinations and evidences mankinds ability to practice self-restraint. Nevertheless, Frosts repetition of And miles to go before I sleep, / And miles to go before I sleep. (15-16), begs the question of whether the speaker has, in fact, taken the proper road, as the final line casts doubt within the speakers mind on his decision, serving as a reinforcement of his now irreversible course of action. Nitchie articulates this conc ern very lucidly, as he, drawing on both Stopping by Woods and Reluctance, explains that these lyrical statements declareit treason of the heart to yield to necessity and compromise desire (162) given the speakers yearning nostalgia (163) and strong tendency towards habitation within the natural world. Frosts adroit ability to utilize language that is witty and metaphorically rich while at the same time vague and somewhat generalized in its definitive meaning serves to infuse his poetic texts with a sense of novelty and personal significance upon any number of readings and in any spatial or temporal context. In this essay, I have intended to express my personal response, upon several readings in relatively quick succession, to one of Frosts most famous and masterful poetic texts, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, so as to highlight some of the ways in which one of Frosts master works can be scrutinized. This type of poetic analysis can prove extremely gratifying to the reader , as unpacking the metaphoric and otherwise wit-infused language of a skilled poetic work resonates on a basic human level. Furthermore, this characteristic enables one to arrive upon a concept (or set) that can be usefully applied to ones own life, and which is fundamentally dynamic rather than static and thus, ultimately worthy of returning to at a later point, as it can never lose its sense of meaning that once unfolded by surprise as it went. BibliographyNitchie, George W., Human Values in the Poetry of Robert Frost. North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1960. Sergeant, Elizabeth S., The Trial by Existence. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960. Thompson, Lawrence, Fire and Ice: The Art and Thought of Robert Frost. New York: Russell and Russell, 1961.

Morality Is Objective Moral Theory - 962 Words

Observations I accept both observations given. P1: Morality is Objective. I demonstrated in my opening argument that Utilitarianism operates under the premise that morality is objective. This means it is not based on personal preference or belief. I even provided a source to affirm this fact of objectivity. (1) Famous’ first contention is that normative ethics are subjective and thus cannot be used to affirm objectivity. This is entirely untrue. It is worth noting that he provides no source to back this claim up. Likely because no such sources exists. Normative ethics â€Å"rest on principles that determine whether an action is right or wrong.† (2) Utilitarianism is an objective moral theory. The second contention raised against this premise was that I have not provided a clear framework. I am beginning to wonder if famous really read my arguments. I provided a clear framework of what morality is i.e. the greatest happiness principle. I am not sure what my opponent finds unclear as he did not offer any indication or detail to this contention. To be thorough I will expound the happiness principle. John Stuart Mill in his book â€Å"Utilitarianism† explained it like this. â€Å"The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness,Show MoreRelatedA World Without Morality By Sezlyn Petersen Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesA World without Morality by Sezlyn Petersen In this paper, I will discuss Error Theory Nihilism and it’s relation to Moral Abolitionism. According to Richard T. Garner, the world would be a better place if we abolished morality by eradicating all objective moral truths. 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So for example, murder is wrong because God does not like it; an action is right if and only if God commands it, or God likes itRead MoreThe Necessity For Objective Morality1600 Words   |  7 PagesMorality is a key component to every day life, and due to its large impact on the world, it is often a major topic of discussion and argument. Some people may infer that morality is nothing more than an individual concept, while others, like me, believe it cannot be altered for personal benefit. Accordingly, in this paper I will argue the necessity for objective morality, and furthermore, how if it happened to be objective, the world would be chaotic. While I understand that there are various situationsRead MoreMoral Judgements And Moral Values Essay13 72 Words   |  6 PagesObjective moral values obtain the idea that a certain system of ethics or even a set of moral judgements is not just true according to a person’s subjective opinion, but proves factually true. 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Ashley Pondâ€Biography of a Murder Victim

Ashley Marie Pond was a preteen from a broken family when she began spending time at the home of a school friend in Oregon City, Oregon. She became close enough to the family that she accompanied her friend, the friends father Ward Weaver, and Weavers girlfriend on a two-week summer vacation to California in 2001. Six months after the trip, Ashley disappeared after leaving her mothers home for the school bus. Her body was found the following August in a barrel behind the home Weaver was renting. Two years later, Weaver pleaded guilty to her murder, among other charges. Childhood Ashley was born on March 1, 1989. Her mother Lori Davis was barely 16 at the time, almost a child herself. For the first few years of Ashleys life, she lived with her mother and her mothers high school sweetheart David Pond. Eventually, the two married and Ashley viewed David as her father. Ashley was described as a well-behaved, easy child who could entertain herself and adored being hugged. She seemed to live a fairly normal life for a child of parents so young. But when Ashley was 9 or 10, her mother divorced David Pond, and Ashleys world changed forever. Biological Father During the divorce, the couple fought about child-support payments, and a  paternity test was administered to determine if David Pond was Ashleys biological father. To Ashley’s devastation, the test found that he wasnt; a man named Wesley Roettger was her biological father. She began to stay with Roettger on weekends. During this time, friends and family noticed she was growing sullen and confrontational. She began to resist visiting her father, eventually telling her mother that Roettger had been sexually abusing her. In January 2001, Roettger was indicted on 40 counts of raping and sexually abusing Ashley, but eight months later most counts were dropped. He pleaded no contest to one charge and was released on probation. Ward Weaver During the following months, police were called to Lori Ponds apartment for various reasons, including an allegation that Pond was drunk and neglecting the children. By April 2001, Ashley was spending a lot of time at the house of a friend, the daughter of Ward Weaver. In early spring, Linda Virden, Ashleys reading teacher, reported to Gaffney Lane Elementary principal Chris Mills that she saw Weaver kiss Ashley on the lips. According to the Portland Tribune, Ashley spent most of the first half of 2001 with the Weaver family, even joining Weaver, his girlfriend, and Weavers daughter  that summer on a two-week vacation to California. Calls to the police about disturbances at Ponds home continued over the next few months. In early August, Ashley confided to Virden that Weaver was molesting her and threatened to testify against her in her fathers rape trial. In April she had accused two other men of molesting her  but recanted her statements and did not pursue charges. Once the accusations were made, she stopped going to Weavers house and felt ostracized by Weaver, Weavers daughter, and the daughters friends. Due to the sloppy handling of paperwork by county officials regarding Ashleys accusation, Weaver wasnt investigated or charged with sexually abusing Ashley at that time. Throughout the following fall, Ashleys life seemed to settle down. Her grades were improving and she was fighting less with her mother. Some of her bubbly personality seemed to return. As Christmas approached, it appeared that Ashley and the Weavers had partially renewed their friendship. Disappearance According to the Portland Tribune, on Jan. 9, 2002, Lori Pond heard Ashley say goodbye around 8:15 a.m. as she headed out to catch her school bus at a stop near Weaver’s home. What happened to Ashley after that time is unknown. What is known is that at some point before she died, the 12-year-old had consumed as much as five shots of whiskey. On the weekend of Aug. 24-25, Ashleys body was found inside a barrel buried in the backyard of Weavers rental home. A concrete slab had been poured over the hole. According to Weavers son, Francis Weaver, his father confessed to him that he had killed Ashley, although the details of the confession changed from time to time. On Oct. 4, 2002, Weaver was indicted for the murder of Ashley and on 16 other counts including sex abuse, attempted rape, aggravated murder, and abuse of a corpse. He pleaded not guilty to all charges. On Sept. 22, 2004, Weaver pleaded guilty to killing two of his daughters friends and hiding their bodies on his property. He received two life sentences for the deaths of Ashley Pond and ​Miranda Gaddis. As of September 2019, Weaver was serving at the Two Rivers Correctional Institution in Umatilla, Oregon.

Article Review On A Good Used Car Just From The Ad

How To Spot A Good Used Car Just From The Ad By Steve Goodale | Submitted On November 28, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Steve Goodale When you buy a used car it can be a frustrating experience with many people feeling helpless and frustrated with no clear direction to go in. Buying a used car in a private sale will take a great deal of time but by reading into the content of the used car ad you can get a good idea as to the mentality of the seller and potentially the condition of the car as well. Ads that are very descriptive, including pictures, and detail the vitals about the car, its previous history, as well as the past and current mechanical condition are best. By providing detailed information about the car you are more easily able to determine if the car is a potential candidate for a good deal and worth taking the time to arrange an in person inspection with the seller. You could literally spend a lifetime looking at overpriced and unreliable cars when searching for a good deal. Identify sellers who are serious about selling their used car. A descriptive and detailed ad will tell you that this car owner is serious about selling the car andShow MoreRelatedMarketing Environment Of Business Has Changed Than Few Years Back Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesToday the IT marketing environment of business has changed than few years back. Where there was only one functional website of the company was used in order to generate leads. . Food Group International is one these businesses who benefited from the use of a functional website. This website was like a personal office for the company which was opened 24 hours in 365 days in a year. 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The Ambiguous Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald´s The Great...

Qualities like absolute moral perfection are even less attainable than world peace, and they have no place in quality literature. No one relates to the main character that never lets his emotions get the better of him once in a while. Truly powerful characters require at least some degree of moral ambiguity. Jay Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby engages in illegal liquor sales and business with the man who rigged the World Series, which combine with his purest of intentions and virtually universal kindness to create some definitely ambiguous morals. Due to that ambiguity, Gatsby’s character remains imperfect and one whom readers can entirely relate to, while promoting the prominent theme in the novel of the American Dream’s†¦show more content†¦Before Nick could even manage to answer for himself Gatsby jumps in, answering for him â€Å"Oh, no†¦This is just a friend. I told you we’d talk about that some other time† (71). Immediately it becomes clear that Wolfsheim has some prior business connections with Gatsby. On its own, that would be no cause for alarm. Yet in not much time at all Gatsby tells Nick who the mysterious Mr. Wolfsheim is himself, describing him as â€Å"a gambler,† nonchalantly adding that â€Å"he’s the man who fixed the World’s Series back in 1919† (73). Suddenly connections with this man raise a lot of flags, as we have just begun to discover the sort of illegal activities Gatsby’s been engaged in during his pursuit of wealth. This is a man whom most find villainous, taking such a treasured American pastime and thoroughly corrupting it by fixing the results all together. Yet Gatsby defends the gambler, saying â€Å"he just saw the opportunity,† but â€Å"they can’t get him, old sport. He’s a smart man† (73). To most, that kind of defense wouldn’t really matter all too much, wrong is wrong no matter how itâ€⠄¢s spun. Yet the bad guys never think they’re the bad guys after all, and Gatsby sees no problem with what Wolfsheim did. Despite his purest of goals, there were a few who found fault with what Gatsby did in his pursuit of them. Tom probably disliked him more than anyone else, especially after he found out precisely what Gatsby did with Wolfsheim.Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Dust Jacket of The Great Gatsby723 Words   |  3 PagesThe Dust Jacket of The Great Gatsby The dust jacket of The Great Gatsby has an extremely complex yet influential relationship to its text as well as its author. Francis Cugat, the artist of the cover, developed the painting through a series of ten sketches[1]. In each sketch he develops a new element of the painting which indicates the level of complexity in the final work. Interestingly, Fitzgerald never mentions the artist’s name in his correspondents with his editor Maxwell Perkins[2]Read MoreEssay on Symbols of The Great Gatsby 1249 Words   |  5 Pageshope afloat. F. 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The Stages in the New Product Development Process free essay sample

In business, New Product Development (NPD) is the complete process of bringing a new product into the market. The New Product Development process is also referred to as The Stage-Gate innovation process. It was developed by Dr. Robert G. Cooper as a result of his comprehensive research on reasons why products succeed and why they fail. The New Product Development Process is crucial and Companies follow different types of NPD system. New product development process has eight stages. These stages will be discussed briefly below. The first stage of a new product development process begins with an idea of the product. Ideas for new products can be obtained from basic research using a SWOT analysis. Market and consumer trends, companys Research and Development department, competitors, focus groups, employees, sales personnel, corporate spies, trade shows, or ethnographic discovery methods may also be used to get an insight into new product lines or product features. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stages in the New Product Development Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Idea Screening The objective of the screening stage is to eliminate unsound concepts prior to devoting resources to them. This process involves shifting through the ideas generated and selecting the ones which are feasible and workable to develop. Pursing non feasible ideas can clearly be costly for the company. Concept Development and Testing Organization may have come across what they believe to be a feasible idea; however, the idea needs to be taken to a number of prospective customers, what do they think about the idea? Will it be practical and feasible? Will it offer the benefit that the organization hopes it will? Or have they overlooked certain issues? We need to be aware that the idea taken to the target audience is not a working sample, but just a concept. Marketing Strategy and Development How will the product/service idea be launched within the market? A proposed marketing strategy will be written laying out the marketing mix strategy of the product, the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy sales and profits that are expected. Business Analysis The business analysis stage looks more deeply into the Cash flow the product could generate, what the cost will be, how much market shares the product may achieve and the expected life of the product. The company has a great idea, the marketing strategy seems feasible, but will the product be financially worthwhile in the long run? Product Development At this stage the sample is produced. The sample will clearly run through all the desired tests, and presented to a selection of people made up of the target market division to see if changes need to be made. Test Marketing Test marketing means testing the product within a specified area. The product is mostly launched within a particular District so the marketing mix strategy can be monitored and if needed modified before national launch. Commercialization If the test marketing stage has been successful, then the product could go for national launch. There are certain factors that need to be taken into consideration before a product is launched nationally. These include: timing of the launch, how the product will be launched, where it will be launched, whether there will be a national rollout or it will be done region by region? I will conclude that, although the eight stages of product development may seem to be a long process, they are designed to save wasted time and resources.

Communication and Diversity Program

Question: Discuss about the Communication and Diversity Program. Answer: Introduction: The mini-series The Secret River' is an ABC television play based on the novel going by the identical name written by Kate Grenville. However, it is adapted for play by Andrew Bovell and directed by Neil Armfield. The play is divided into two parts and depicts the disturbing basics of how Europeans settled among the Natives of Australia. The drama satirizes how the European settlers invaded, killed and grabbed the land belonging to the Native Australians (Australian Museum, 2015). Further, the drama contrasts the Aboriginals and the British conception of socio-cultural concepts such as farming, clothing, hunting, personal property, relationship to the environment, and the family relationships. The misunderstanding between the two cultures significantly contributes to the conflicts witnessed in the play. The drama also manifests how desperation, ambition, love, and fear can drive a man to commit heinous transgressions against humanity. The scope of the paper is to offer a discussion o n differing worldviews depicted in the drama. Furthermore, the discussion will highlight the communication difficulties as portrayed in the footage as well as discuss how the concept of privilege is acted out in the drama. Andrew Bovell adaptation indicates there were instances in Australian when there was potential for the two cultures to co-exist. The play manifests the cross-cultural affiliation between the Dharug's and the Thornhill's families living at the Hawkesbury River. The concept of "give a little, take a little" as propagated by Blackwood in the film manifests the relationship between the two cultures represented by the two families (Grenville, 2005). Cultural humility as the ability to be open to the cultural uniqueness that is vital to the other person is clearly depicted by Blackwood who has learned Dharug language and some elements of the Dharug traditions and culture. Through his effort to understand the Dharug culture Blackwood learns to respect the Indigenous people. As a result, he ends up marrying an Aboriginal wife who bares him a child a fact that earns him a sense of belonging among the Dharug people. Mrs. Herring is also another symbol of peaceful cultural co-existence which is illustrated by her action of turning a blind eye to belongings that are taken from her (Bovelland Grenville, 2013). In addition, the friendship between Dick Thornhill and Dharug children demonstrate peaceful co-existence and appreciation of the Dharug people way of life. However, despite the cultural humility and co-existence manifested by Mr. Blackwood, Mrs. Herring, and Dick Thornhill there exist different worldviews between the two cultures. Andrew Bovell in his adaptation illustrates a situation of people with differing worldviews especially on the concept of land use and its ownership. To the British land was meant for development and agriculture but the Indigenous people considered the land to have spiritual valuesupon which their lives depended on (Sydney Theatre Company, 2016). British, without making any effort to understand the Indigenous people connection to the land claimed sovereign ownership of the land belonging to the natives. Thornhill following the British understanding of the terra nullius was convinced that the land on the Hawkesbury River belonged to him. On the other hand, Dharug people, represented by Yalamundi believed that the whole country and all that is around the river and the ridges belonged to them (Grenville, 2005). These contrast two worldviews, the private ownership propagated by the western societies and the communal ownership perpetuated by the Indigenous people. To the British land posse ssion, ownership of houses and other material things is normally a means of exhibiting wealth, status, and power. However, for Aboriginals, the communal land symbolises theiridentification and a means of connection with their forefathers since the land has been there since the Dreaming. Hence, the land has a significant spiritual value as opposed to the western understanding of wealth and status (Haseman and O'Toole, 1986). Communication difficulties also constitute a major theme in the play and are a source of tension and fear which result in the conflict in the drama. For example, when the Aborigines assemble for their ceremonial gathering William and his family interprets it as a war cry. Thornhill is from a culture that believes weapons are meant to kill and suppress the enemy.Therefore, he has difficulty in appreciating that for Aboriginals spears are solely intended to offer rhythm in their songs. It is evident in the play that the fear and anger experienced by William's family during the Aborigines ritual ceremony is the principal cause of the violence encountered in the entire play (Daley, 2015). Power, social hierarchy, and privilege are also dominant themes that are evident throughout the drama. The status of being white men was the basis of William and other settlers to look down on the Indigenous people. Their perception shaped the white settlers conduct towards the Aborigines that the native population is inferior and thus should be dominated. This is illustrated by Smasher an alcoholic who coaches his dog to attack the Dharug people. In addition, he enslaves and rapes the native women. In another instance, he acts violently against Braniyamala for no apparent reason an indication that feeling privileged resulted to marginalization. At the onset of Act two William is seen beating up his son Dick for swimming together with the Dharug children. The action demonstrates a feeling of belonging to the higher social class thus should not associate with people of an inferior social status. These acts of marginalization perpetrated by the settlers against the indigenous populatio n eventually led to the atrocious massacre witnessed in the play (Reynolds, 2013). In conclusion, the play depicts cultural ignorance and misunderstanding as the cause of fear and consequent atrocities exhibited in the play. Further, the impacts of failure to embrace diversity and create cultural harmony and understanding are well satirized in the play. The play is, therefore, important in the history of the Australian people since it enhances reconciliation between the Aboriginals and the white settlers (Koval and Grenville, 2005). The play portrays the failure of the Australian white settlers to live cordially among the Indigenous people and thus, a vital source in understanding the Australian history. References Australian Museum. (2015). Indigenous Australians Overview. Available at: Australian Museum.net 2016. PDF. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016] Bovell, A. and Grenville, K. (2013).Teachers Resources: The Secret River. Available at: ACM_Secret River_Teachers Resources 2016.PDF. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016] Daley, P.(2015). The Secret River - Have we moved on? The Guardian Australia. Available at : The guardian.com 2016.PDF. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016] Haseman, B. and O'Toole, J. (1986). Dramawise. Melbourne: Heinmann. Grenville, K. ( 2005). The Secret River. Sydney: The Text Publishing Company. Koval, R.and Grenville, K. (2005). Interview with Kate Grenville, Author of the Secret River. (Radio Broadcast episode). Books and Writing. Sydney Australia, Radio National. Reynolds, H.(2013). The Forgotten War. Sydney: NewSouth Books. Sydney Theatre Company.(2016). The Secret River Program. Sydney: Playbill.